Well you got the reader digest version right, 
The dome let's you take full advantage of your wide angle coverage by retaining the lenses original field of view, the flat port, AKA the macro port gives you the benefit of a narrower field of view (more close-up punch).
You could use a dome port for doing macro, but having such a large (in some case up to + 9") frontal surface doesn't suit small subject well, (sort of knitting with boxing gloves) and up to a certain point a flat port could be used for wide, but then you'd loose +/- 25% coverage and end with out of focus corners, not to mention that the tubular design would limit you to somewhat narrow field of view wide angle, that is less you like tunnel vision.
BTW Dome can suffer from abberation also, dome placement or should I say matching of both the lens & dome optical axis is primary to good result.
In the end, anyone taking his or her underwater photography seriously will get an example of both.
Oh and the dome, because it doesn't modify the field of view can be used for split shot, not that the flat port can't but try a flat port split shot of your mate in a pool and tell us if you survived :glare: nobody like having 25% added to their lower anatomy 