It dosn't look like backscatter to me and does look more like the effect produced by bubbles on the port. Though that can't be the case in the second photo unless the sea level has risen dramatically around the pyramids... To rule out or maybe confirm a backscatter related problem, compare a few surface and u/w shots against similar "solid backgrounds" with and without the on-board flash or strobes.
I agree on the test, but I do think it looks like backscatter. I can show examples of each, on land and underwater, sadly. Both caused by the usual particulates, suspended in air or water. In the case of the on-land backscatter, it was in a dusty desert environment as well. Only happened with a flash, of course.
I first suspected something on the glass, but the OP assured us the glass is clean, and second, the spots are not in the same place between the photos. They'd be static if it was something burned into the glass (or at least tough to clean off). (ditto for something on the sensor)