Thanks everyone,
I concede that the images I am especially unhappy with are underexposed. They are silhouette divers against sunball, so part of the image is supposed to be under?
Ideally none of the image should be under exposed. The shadows should be within the histogram borders, otherwise you will simply be recording baseline noise in the shadows without any actual photographic information.
Do the histograms of these images appear to be stacked up to the left of the scale? If so much of your shadow information will simply be non-existent and likely be very noisy. In the type of lighting you describe, the rays of light could worsen the appearance of noise particularly if there is any particulate matter in the water.
You may have to accept more blown highlights in the sunball in order to bring more of the shadow areas within the confines of the sensor's dynamic range. The next time you shoot this type of shot I would suggest experimenting with increasing exposure by one or two stops to allow for this.. Depending what type of light meter setting you are using the camera may be placing too much emphasis on the highlight areas, resulting in underexposure. Be conscious of this when shooting. If you are using matrix metering point the camera to an area where the sunball is not dominant, a 'middle-grey' area, and then lock the exposure when you reframe and shoot. If your housing does not allow you to lock exposure, at least record the difference in exposure reading when you point to an area without the sunball directly in the image, and compensate accordingly when you recompose with the sunball in the image.
It is also very important to shoot RAW in this situation (forget JPEG, camera settings like vivid and Active D etc), and when you import into Lightroom with default presets, you should be able to use the Recovery sliders to get back 1-2 stops in the highlights. You are much more likely to get an acceptable exposure this way, than trying to force all the highlights of the sunball into the initial histogram. It will probably also be helpful to have the sunball partially or completely concealed by the diver.