Most modern lenses have a floating element design meaning they vary their focal length throughout their focus range. The prime macros (Nikons anyway) hold their focal length pretty well at minimum focus but the 70-180 does not. As a result, the 70-180 set at 180mm and focused at minimum has an actual focal length of less than 90mm. This is why it produces less magnification than the 105 or 200 even though the minimum focus distances would suggest otherwise.
The good news with these lenses is that they respond very well to diopters. Diopters change the focus range of a lens, so a macro lens will focus effectively further away at the same subject distance. The 70-180 becomes much more powerful with diopters because its effective focal length is increased at a set distance. I pretty much always use the Nikon 5T with it now (+1.5 achromat).
In contrast, the 105mm holds its focal length well (within 15 percent) so a diopter will be useful for shortening the working distance but will not improve magnification at a given distance much. There's nothing wrong with that, of course, but it's in contrast to how a diopter effects the 70-180.
Here is an article that explains this better than I have. It comes complete with actual focal length measurements and charts. Very interesting.