But when you add extra glass (even of the very good 1.4xTC) to the equation there must be some loss... even if not perceived at first.
In my own pool tests and the ocean images, I simply do not see any loss in image quality, at up to 17x24 prints. If someone were to count lines of resolution, I'm sure it's possible there might be some loss, just it does not appear to be significant in practice, which of course is the main concern.
I'm not sure there 'must' be some loss. One is effectively just adding elements to a lens, and in this case the elements appear to match well. More elements in a lens does not necessarily mean loss of quality.
For my own purposes, I've come to the conclusion that I gain more in corner sharpness using a fisheye + TC for superwide angle (Tokina or Nikon 16) than I appear to lose in overall sharpness and/or resolution compared to the widest rectilinears, when combined with a domeport underwater. I also find the distortion more pleasing, and if correction is needed, easier to correct in a pleasing way.
Furthermore I have not seen any worsening in some of the other known bad habits of the Tokina such as the purple fringing, autofocus seems to be the same, at least in good light.
The only, gripe I have with the Tokina + TC combination, is that in low light, my viewfinder is not as bright as I would like.
On the overall argument of DX vs FX, excellent images are possible with both. I personally like to play with higher ISO, at least at the moment. I've said it before elsewhere, but I really think there is more to high ISO than just noise, and that is improved perceptable dynamic range within the shadows, this is so clear to me when comparing the low light abilities of the D700 to a D300.
I think if one is mostly interested in shooting pretty standard images, both macro and wide angle, stick to DX, if one for some reason feels the need to explore high ISO, frame rates etc underwater, then FX in the form of the D700 does add some possibilities.